September 21, 2024 | by Unboxify
In 540 A.D., a seismic event shook the Eastern Roman Empire to its core. The Persian King Khosrow was on a rampage, leading a massive invasion along the banks of the Euphrates River. Cities fell like dominos: Sura was the first to fall, followed by a ransomed Arapis and a burning Beroea. But the greatest catastrophe was yet to come. Khosrow took Antioch, the second-largest city of the Empire, with terrifying ease. Soldiers fled, civilians were massacred, and the Roman capital of the Near East was left in ashes.
Historian Procopius wrote about this calamity with bewilderment: “I become dizzy as I write about such a great Calamity… I cannot understand why it should be God’s will to exalt the fortunes of a man or place and then to obliterate them for no cause that is apparent to us.” Antioch, once a proud jewel of the Empire, was now nothing but ruins. Justinian’s Eastern Roman Empire was in shock.
Emperor Justinian could only muster his cousin Germanus and a meager force of 300 soldiers, with a promise of reinforcements. But there were no significant reinforcements on the way; Roman forces were spread thin, primarily fighting wars in the West. Justinian then decided to dispatch his greatest general, Belisarius, hoping for a miracle. Little did he know that the Empire was on the brink of an even greater catastrophe.
Eight years before Khosrow invaded, the Eastern Roman and Sassanid Empires had signed a treaty of eternal peace. However, the rapidly expanding Roman Empire under Belisarius’ leadership in North Africa and Italy began to worry Khosrow. Feeling aggrieved, Khosrow demanded his share of the victory spoils, as he believed that his granting the Romans peace enabled their conquests.
When Justinian refused, tensions escalated. Khosrow accused Justinian of various treacheries, including paying Huns to raid Persian lands and attempting to bribe his Arab allies. He then launched an invasion, exploiting the weakened Roman frontier forces.
Khosrow did not only sack Antioch. He bathed in the waters of the Mediterranean, symbolizing his utter domination. He then advanced to Apameia, demanding a hefty tribute but curiously allowing the priests to keep a piece of the True Cross. His symbolic defeat of Justinian’s favorite chariot team, the Blues, added another layer of humiliation. In the end, Justinian agreed to pay 5,000 pounds of gold and an annual tribute for a truce. Khosrow extorted additional payments on his way home, marking an embarrassing period in Roman military history.
When Belisarius was summoned to face Khosrow’s might, he did so without hesitation. Recently hailed as a hero in Constantinople, Belisarius had seen remarkable victories in North Africa and Italy. However, his wife Antonina, a valuable advisor on past campaigns, stayed behind in Constantinople, now advising Empress Theodora.
Belisarius gathered all available forces at Dara, the site of his great victory 11 years prior. His army included:
Belisarius inherited a disheartened local force but quickly reorganized and re-equipped them, rebuilding their shattered morale.
Learning that Khosrow and his main Persian forces were far in the north, Belisarius went on the offensive, targeting the fortified frontier city of Nisibis. Though too strong for a direct assault, Belisarius hoped to lure the garrison out for a battle that would allow his troops to rush into the city with the retreating enemy.
However, one of his commanders, Peter, camped too close to Nisibis and ignored warnings to stay alert. Predictably, the Persians attacked. In a fierce but brief skirmish, 50 Roman soldiers lost their lives, and a Roman standard fell.
Belisarius moved to the Persian Fort at Sisauranon, where his initial siege attempts failed. He then sent Al-Harith’s Arabs and 1,200 Bucellarii across the Tigris River to raid deep into Assyria. The Romans had not ventured this far into Persian territory in years. With little resistance, they returned with much plunder.
Despite successes, Belisarius faced multiple challenges:
Eventually, Belisarius had to withdraw, achieving as much as he could with his limited forces.
In the spring of 542, Justinian received news that Khosrow was preparing to invade once more. Belisarius was rushed back to the front via the Roman postal service, Cursus Publicus, taking just eight days for a journey that usually spanned a month. However, something even more terrifying was about to derail Khosrow’s plans.
😷 The Pandemic Unleashed
During these turbulent times, a deadly plague began its ominous spread, originating from the Nile Delta in Egypt. It rapidly made its way to Constantinople in 542, wreaking havoc. Procopius was present in the city and documented the horrifying events.
Victims first experienced mild fevers that quickly turned fatal. Bubonic swellings appeared around the groin, armpits, or thighs, and a few manifested dark pustules, dying almost immediately. The contagion spread with frightening speed, devastating Constantinople. At the peak of the pandemic, the death toll reached as high as 10,000 per day, claiming up to half of the city’s population.
Even Emperor Justinian fell ill, sparking rumors of his death. Belisarius and his generals discussed potential successors, aware that their own roles might be pivotal if the emperor perished. Unexpectedly, Justinian recovered, but Empress Theodora quickly acted against perceived threats to her husband’s rule.
Theodora accused Belisarius and another general, Bouzes, of treason for discussing the succession. Bouzes was imprisoned, but Belisarius, though not jailed, faced disgrace and financial ruin. He lived as a private citizen for over a year while Justinian’s Empire grappled with multiple crises, including military defeats and administrative disruptions caused by the plague.
Proving his loyalty, Belisarius was eventually recalled in 544 to command Roman forces in Italy. Despite being given only 4,000 recruits, he bravely faced the task, leading his final campaign against the Ostrogothic King Totila.
With few resources and a demoralized army, Belisarius embarked on his last campaign. He faced a rejuvenated Ostrogothic force under Totila, who had retaken most of Italy.
Belisarius’ challenges were significant:
Despite these odds, Belisarius showcased his military genius, striving to protect Roman Italy one last time.
Throughout his career, Belisarius exemplified loyalty, bravery, and remarkable tactical skills. His efforts saved the Empire from various threats, cementing his legendary status in Roman history.
From the devastating fall of Antioch to the emergence of a deadly plague, the Eastern Roman Empire faced myriad challenges. Yet, heroes like Belisarius rose to defend it, symbolizing the unyielding spirit of Rome. Through hardship, betrayal, and unfathomable disaster, the Romans demonstrated resilience and courage, leaving a lasting legacy in the annals of history.
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September 21, 2024 | by Unboxify
September 21, 2024 | by Unboxify
September 21, 2024 | by Unboxify
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