The Evolution of American Tanks: A Journey Through the 20th Century

In this third episode of our Evolution of Tank series, we will delve into the rise of armored fighting vehicles in the United States throughout the 20th century. Covering American intervention in the First World War through to the closing days of the Cold War, we will explore the significant advancements and innovations in American armor.

From World War I Beginnings to Interwar Developments 🕰️

As a late ally in World War I, the U.S. initially relied heavily on French and British tanks. In 1917, General John J. Pershing set up a board to outline the requirements for new American tanks. However, production challenges and the armistice of 1918 led to the U.S. manufacturing a French design: the Renault FT-17.

The M1917: Adaptations and Innovations ✨

• French and American Hybrid: The FT-17’s wooden idler wheels were replaced with all-metal parts.
• Engine Overhaul: The original engine was substituted with a four-cylinder water-cooled engine by Buda Engine Company.
• Armament Improvements: Initially armed with the Marlin Rockwell M1917 machine gun, later versions used the Browning M1919.

Light Tanks: Preparation for World War II 🔧

Post-World War I, collaboration with companies like Ford and Chrysler aimed at quick development of new light and heavy tanks. The fruits of these labors were the M2 series tanks by 1935. These addressed specific requirements for speed and mobility.

The Challenge and Triumph of World War II 🛡️

The M3 Light Tank “Stuart” 🏅

• Armament: Retained the 37mm gun from the M2A4 while improving the armor.
• Distribution: Early models were shipped through Lend-Lease programs, continuing postwar service.

The M4 Sherman: Defining a New Era 💥

The ordnance department quickly developed a new tank, the M4 Sherman, with a fully traversable turret to house a 75mm gun.

• Armament: Utilized the same M3 gun in a 360-degree mount.
• Mobilization: Increased armor and a Wright R-975 radial engine.

Addressing Heavy Tank Needs: The M6 and Beyond 🛠️

Attempts to produce a heavy tank were met with challenges, yet ultimately led to the creation of the M6. Despite being armed with a 76mm M7 gun and impressive armor, it remained underpowered and was never used actively.

The Korean War and the M26 Pershing 🕵️

The Emergence of the M46 Patton 🇺🇸

• Enhanced Features: V12 engine, cross-drive transmission, and restructured exhaust system.
• Combat Service: Primarily saw action during the Korean War.

Cold War Innovates with M60 🔄

The M60, introduced as a product of combined efforts between Detroit Tank Arsenal and Chrysler Corporation, boasted a 105mm M68 gun and improved targeting systems while utilizing lighter materials.

The M551 Sheridan 🥇

• Advanced Armament: The 152mm M81 gun and Shillelagh missiles.
• Combat Role: Saw action in Vietnam and Panama, and briefly in Desert Storm.

Joint Efforts and the M1 Abrams 🚀

Introduction and Features of the M1 Abrams 🔍

The collapse of the MBT-70 program led to the development of the M1 Abrams, featuring composite armor and a powerful Honeywell gas turbine engine.

• Firepower: The M68A1 105mm gun.
• Speed and Agility: 1500 horsepower engine ensured a max speed of 68 kilometers per hour.

Continuous Upgrades: The M1A2 and Beyond 🤖

• Enhanced Firepower: The M256 120mm gun.
• Survivability: Addition of a Tank Urban Survival Kit for urban combat scenarios.
• Modern Systems: Continuous improvements including the CEP and CROWS systems.

The Continued Evolution: From the Cold War to Present Day 🛡️

With the fall of the Soviet Union, the U.S. shifted focus to incremental enhancements of the M1 platform. The M1A2 emerged as a pivotal model, known for its extra armor, improved internal components, and sophisticated combat systems. Presently, the M1A2 SEP V3 remains central, with the SEP V4 model undergoing testing.

Professional Legacy and Future Prospects ⚙️

American tanks have continuously evolved from the basic Renault FT-17 to the cutting-edge M1A2 SEP V4, showcasing advancements in mobility, firepower, and technological sophistication over a century. As new threats emerge, the U.S. will undoubtedly continue to innovate, ensuring its armored forces remain at the forefront of military technology.

Prepare for more in-depth explorations in future episodes, where we will cover U.S. tank destroyers and self-propelled guns!